ࡱ> g .bjbjVV .r<r<_1tt8lT : ("""!|#"@P9R9R9R9R9R9R9$;>v9Q'''v9""9.2.2.2'""P9.2'P9.2.2:7, 8"@io)7 <990 :7.]?H+ ]? 8 8]?8c"$:.2U%Q&c"c"c"v9v9T/c"c"c" :'''']?c"c"c"c"c"c"c"c"c"t : Refugee Action Network Newcastle (RANN) submission to AHRC inquiry into the treatment of individuals suspected of people smuggling offences who say they are children Contact: Niko Leka [address] [email]  HYPERLINK "mailto:"  [phone] 1 February 2012 Contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826284" Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc315826284 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826285" Background  PAGEREF _Toc315826285 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826286" The influence of media  PAGEREF _Toc315826286 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826287" An example of unethical treatment of a minor  PAGEREF _Toc315826287 \h 2  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826288" The process of age determination.  PAGEREF _Toc315826288 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826289" Lack of public information  PAGEREF _Toc315826289 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826290" Wrist X-rays  PAGEREF _Toc315826290 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826291" Disconnection between Minister and his Department  PAGEREF _Toc315826291 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826292" Some facts and common sense  PAGEREF _Toc315826292 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826293" Discussion  PAGEREF _Toc315826293 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826294" Sensible practice  PAGEREF _Toc315826294 \h 9  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc315826295" Resources  PAGEREF _Toc315826295 \h 10 Introduction The Refugee Action Network Newcastle (RANN) consists of citizens from a variety of backgrounds who regard offshore processing and mandatory detention as inhumane, unethical and unnecessary. We thank the 鱨վ (AHRC) for the opportunity to make a submission to this Inquiry. Background The AHRC briefing states that following question on notice the Federal government advised 76 people were returned to their country of origin over the past three years because they were found to be minors, and estimates there are around 32 others who may also be minors. At least two of these were boys who were only 14 years old. These figures do not include people who have convicted and imprisoned but who continue to say that they are children. On October 06, The Australian said the Indonesian Consul-General has advised legal aid lawyers of at least 50 juveniles who are being wrongfully detained [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/doctors-slam-asylum-age-test/story-fn59niix-1226159633654 - # ] The Australian Federal Police (AFP) Annual report 2010-2011 stated its Operation Louvar in the 201011 financial year resulted in the arrest of 329 crew, but only one organiser. It does not say anything about how many were juveniles, or suspected juveniles. Out of all these figures it is reasonable to assume: 1. a sizeable proportion of asylum seeker boat crews are minors. 2. the AFP must be acting under pressure to produce results, to be arresting so many minors. For it to be arresting and charging fourteen year old boys as adults indicates something is clearly amiss. Australian authorities must be aware they are holding many children in adult prisons. It is only since the matter has begun to attract considerable attention both from the Indonesian government as well as Australian media, that changes have been announced to the press. The influence of media For instance, on December 11, 2011, the Minister for Home Affairs Brendan OConnor announced he would strip the Australian Federal Police of its role in determining the age of the teenagers and that the Department for Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) would publish new protocols next week [ http://www.smh.com.au/national/lifeline-for-jailed-indonesian-children-20111210-1oons.html#ixzz1gnqtODwZ ]. His words did not result in any action. At the time of writing, the DIAC website does not refer to any new protocol for age assessment. RANN concludes that Ministerial pronouncements are in response to publicity, rather than directives. RANN will offer first, the story of one of these juvenile crew members held in an adult prison. It will then review the processes of age determination. An example of unethical treatment of a minor In March 2011 RANN member Niko Leka intended to intended to visit and give social support to convicted people-smuggler [name], at Hakea prison in Perth. His case had been well publicized. He was of Albino appearance, bald, and aged in his mid-thirties. Perth citizen advocate [name] offered to facilitate the visit, as he had some other social visits to conduct. Prison officials sent out a very young, dark haired youth. Despite the obvious error in identity, [name] and Leka continued the visit. Leka states: In the course of our conversation I recall [name] told us he came from a poor village. His father was dead. Although he had no experience of the sea, as his village was inland, someone came and offered him a lot of money to fish and cook on a boat going to Australia. Several of [name]s remarks and his demeanour puzzled me. I was puzzled he did not seem overly anxious about his family. Then when he said at one point he preferred Hakea to Immigration Detention because here he was learning computer, it triggered my memory of a child who following a catastrophic experience seemed quite content to play with toys. When [name] asked me with a puzzled air if I thought [name] was an adult, I said he didnt appear to be. [Name] asked [name] when was he born. He said he was born in March 1995, but the police had done an x-ray of his wrist and insisted he was born in 1991. He spoken with his family by phone, and told us they had lost his birth certificate. He seemed to think nothing could be done about this. When we left we phoned the Indonesian Consulate. They were not aware of this, and had not been contacted by any agency regarding [name]s age. We concluded that [name] did not have any effective advocate or guardian who could advise him of his rights and help him exercise them. This ranged from refusing an x-ray for non-medical purposes to insisting on obtaining corroborating evidence from people in his village regarding his age. [Name] has followed up this matter extensively and has uncovered a number of further cases. He has also travelled to [name]s village and obtained further corroboration regarding [name]s age. He has published a fuller account- see http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/48139 [Name]s story indicates that he had no idea that fishing and cooking on a boat constituted the Australian crime of people-smuggling. His experience- both of recruitment and subsequent imprisonment- appears to be typical. The process of age determination. Lack of public information RANN does not have any direct observations regarding the process. Neither the AFP nor DIAC websites have a full description of the process, and the rights of those whose ages are in doubt in relation to the process. DIAC and the AFP do not appear to have an interest in informing the public of the facts regarding the age determination process. Our information is obtained from secondary sources. On October 6th, The Australian published an article critical of the use of X-rays to determine age. In it a spokesman for Immigration Minister Mr Bowen said the AFP could continue to use the X-ray process to determine ages. [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/doctors-slam-asylum-age-test/story-fn59niix-1226159633654]. In response to the article DIAC spokesperson Sandi Logan posted on the Immigration Departments website that On the rare occasion that an x-ray might be provided to DIAC by a client, it is never used as our sole method of determining an individuals likely age. [http://www.immi.gov.au/media/letters/letters11/le111006.htm] This is disingenuous on Logans part. Many crew - including [name] - spent some time in immigration detention before being charged. His story make it clear no other method was to determine his age. It is ludicrous to think that young asylum-seeker clients somehow run around getting X-rays to prove their age to DIAC - especially if, as Logan implies, it is not essential in determining age. Given that many of these accused minors do spend an inordinate amount of time in DIAC-run facilities, then its reasonable to think that DIAC would have a practical role to play in using whatever other methods Logan asserts are available, to determine their age. It is even more puzzling given that Mr Bowen said the AFP could continue to use the X-ray process to determine ages- when the AFP is not in his portfolio. It seems to us that both Bowen and Logan are content to diminish and deny responsibility for age determination in this instance onto the AFP- rather than to describe fully what DIAC actually does for those long periods when these boys are in their care. Wrist X-rays We note the AHRCs succinct critique regarding the misapplication of the Greulich-Pyle Radiographic Atlas (the GP method) for the determination of age. Doubtless the AHRC is acquainted with the work of Professor Tim Cole who has provided his expertise as a medical statistician with considerable knowledge and experience in the application of statistics to human growth and development. Coles submission to the Senate Inquiry Crimes Amendment (Fairness for Minors) Bill 2011also supports the critique, [see  HYPERLINK "https://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=6ddd92c2-813a-4665-ba9c-b9f094cf74fe" https://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=6ddd92c2-813a-4665-ba9c-b9f094cf74fe ] To add weight to it we paraphrase and summarise the completely independent critique of the GP method reflected in the judgement given by Judge Eaton in the WA District Court. In the recent case (R -v- RMA [2011] WADC 198) of a young crewmember accused of being a people smuggler, Eaton determined the wrist X-ray method used to determine age was unreliable: In November 2009 the accused was arrested as a crewmember on a boat with 27 Afghani people aboard. He was taken to Christmas Island. His left wrist was x-rayed at Darwin in January 2010. He was charged in February 2010. In March 2010, the AFP asked [name] of Perth for his opinion of the accuseds age based on the x-ray. In September 2010 he appeared before a magistrate and despite his plea that as a child the court had no jurisdiction, the magistrate committed him to trial. In September 2011 he appeared before DCJ Eaton. Eaton explained that Perth radiologist [name] relied upon charts compiled by Greulich & Pyle in their 1950 text 'Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist' (the atlas). The intent of the Atlas was to provide a guide to clinicians of typical skeletal maturity from infancy to adulthood. The x-ray films published in their book are chosen because their features illustrate certain stages of skeletal maturity. They were not chosen on the basis of the subjects chronological age. The subjects were 'somewhat above average in economic and educational status', white, and born in the United States. The Atlas was not intended as a basis for determining chronological age. As the original data are no longer available, it is impossible to compile descriptive statistics regarding the chronological age at which children exhibited particular skeletal features. Thus a person with a wrist film identical to the standard for skeletal age of 19 years in the atlas might conceivably have a chronological age of between 15 years and 60 years. There is a variety of expert opinions as to the impact of ethnicity on skeletal development. There is also variation among experts as to the point of skeletal maturity. As there is no reference data for the Indonesian population, let alone valid data with respect to individual differences, the determination of age by relying on the Atlas is even more questionable. He said There is no dispute as between the Crown and the accused that his film matches the skeletal age 19-year standard, but There is a clear distinction between chronological age and skeletal age. The two are separate concepts. In the absence of raw data all that can be said of the standard for skeletal age 19 years is that it has been selected by the authors as representative. A person as young as 15 years or as old as 60 years might present with an x-ray film matching that standard On this basis he concluded the Crown had not proven the accused was not a minor at the time of the offence and therefore the court had no jurisdiction to prosecute. So far this individual has been in jail for two years. Again, this case is typical (see Submission to the Senate Inquiry Crimes Amendment (Fairness for Minors) Bill 2011 by the Migrant and Refugee Rights Project Australian Human Rights Centre (see https://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=21e885e1-ba81-4ae4-b52f-cbdfa6fc4b74) In addition to it being a disgraceful way to treat somebody, it represents a waste of resources Disconnection between Minister and his Department Despite the typicality of Eatons finding, and the apparent agreement of the Minister for Home Affairs, Brendan OConnor, who in response to media criticism had said the AFP would no longer have a role in determining age (above), the AFP website posted this on January 6, 2012: Where a person who is the subject of an investigation claims to be a juvenile and the AFP suspects that the person may have committed a Commonwealth offence, age determination procedures can be undertaken with the consent of the person, the consent of a parent or guardian, or if a parent or guardian is not acceptable an independent adult person (other than the AFP or investigating official) The current age determination process requires a wrist x-ray to be undertaken on all persons who claim to be a juvenile [http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/news/afp/2011/january/clarification-on-the-afp-age-determination-process.aspx] It is unsatisfactory that the Minister says one thing, and his department says another. The direction of the AFP is also unsatisfactory. The AFP Annual report 2010-2011 reported $73.1 million was spent on catching people smugglers. It seems a lot of money to arrest 370 crew, who are more victims rather than criminals and just one organiser. One organiser? We hope the case of this organizer is not similar to that of [name], the man convicted of people smuggling who RANN member Leka wanted to visit in Hakea. To secure a conviction, the AFP paid a notoriously untrustworthy informer [see for instance, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45586]. Some facts and common sense Organiser of Project Safecom, [name], has made his research on the orgins of the term people-smuggler available. He finds that many people flee into Europe for a varielty of reasons. They may be seeking to find a better life for their families as economic migrants; they may try to find a country, that offers employment opportunities illicit or not in order to send remittances back to their families; they may want to seek lives in a democratic country or they may be seeking protection from persecution under the UN Refugee Convention as asylum seekers He states that in Australia this situation is markedly different. Inbound maritime travellers targeting Australia using informal travel brokers can be regarded as a single purpose group; they are asylum seekers. He observes that during 2001, the now convicted smuggler [name] was accused of assisting to bring 900 passengers on four boats to Australia; 97% of them were declared refugees by Australian authorities He found that when the material in the current Migration Act dealing with asylum seekers was being drafted, neither the Fraser nor the Howard government legislation incorporated criminal liability differentiation of owners/organisers of the maritime ventures as opposed to skippers and crew Factual presentations were replaced entirely by rhetorical devices in order to convince the Parliament and the people that the laws were needed.. In an interview with Retired former Liberal Member for Kooyong Petro Georgiou, he comments about the application of this legislation: Smit:.we're not catching smugglers- we've just extradited the second one in ten years- to Australia- so there is an error in the legislation Georgiou: It picks up everyone He observes that the judiciary is expressing its dismay about the legislation and its mandatory sentencing aspects because they are aware that these Indonesians are mostly illiterate, young, broke young men, who on many occasions did not know the nature of the venture they became involved with, and who are paid as little as possible by the organisers. Discussion Irrespective of the age of crew members, it would be more useful to treat them as potential intelligence sources to track the organisers responsible for such operations. The term people-smugglers is inherently prejudicial, it assumes it is a criminal act. Many so-called people smugglers are heroes. To apply it to anyone who helps a refugee flee persecution is unethical. The reach of this prejudice constitutes a bias that is insidious and deserves to be clearly distinguished from the random errors arising from misapplying the GP method to determine age. It is the political origins of this bias, we contend, that is the reason why so many juvenile asylum seeker boat crews are jailed in Australian adult prisons. We believe that such bias translates into general prejudice within the AFP and DIAC as well as staff of contractors such as SERCO that crews on boats with asylum seekers are people-smugglers and therefore criminal. Immigration lawyer Crawley states that in the UK concerns have been raised that some social workers undertaking social assessments of age have not received adequate training and are influenced by negative media coverage of migration and asylum issues (Crawley, H. (2007)  When is a child not a child? Asylum, age disputes, and the process of age assessment, Immigration Law Practitioners Association (ILPA), London). Crawley also observes that in the UK the principles central to the dental and medical professions ethical codes of conduct, of patient autonomy, welfare and consent are being violated by a small number of physicians and dentists who are contracted and paid by the government, which breaches all three of these ethical principles. RANN recommends that all officers in these services who have been responsible for age determinations be cycled into other areas, and replaced with officers educated to uphold an impartial and objective view. It would seem self-evident that contacting relatives would be a sensible action by the AFP in age determination, yet this clearly this does not happen. There should be an independently verifiable procedure that involves interviewing people back in their village, before any quasi medical age assessment processes are considered. The crew member should have the opportunity to refuse such inquiries, if they fear for the safety of their family. Given that the AFP are conducting anti-people smuggling operations in collaboration with Indonesian police, then it may not be appropriate for police to be involved in contacting relatives and friends of people accused of people-smuggling. It may present risks to those relatives- from corrupt police as well as people smugglers. Many Australia legal and para-legal personnel have already traveled to Indonesia to do that. In a sense, these individuals are doing work the AFP cannot do for itself. We recommend part of the AFP budget be made available for advocates to travel to interview people in crew members home villages to assist in age determination. Sensible practice Dr Jill Benson has advised RANN she lodged a submission with the Senate Inquiry which is drawn from an article she co-authored, Age determination in refugee children, Australian Family Physician v37 n10 Oct 2008pp821-825 [ accessed  HYPERLINK "http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200810/200810benson.pdf" http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200810/200810benson.pdf ] This is a very readable introduction to the subject. However we note that she includes Demirghians dental evaluation with the proviso that [t]his method is inappropriate to predict age with any accuracy after the age of 18 . We are puzzled at the provision for wrist x-ray data in the Age Assessment guide she provides, given her critique of it. It is likely that as a GP her interest is in developmental age, rather than determination of chronological age. The discussion document, Age assessment practices: a literature review & annotated bibliography (United Nations 鱨վs Fund (UNICEF), New York 2011) provides further detail on sensible and ethical age assessment methods. The Separated 鱨վ in Europe Programmes Statement of Good Practice provides detailed recommendations for the practice of age assessment: Age assessment procedures should only be undertaken as a measure of last resort, not as standard or routine practice, where there are grounds for serious doubt and where other approaches, such as interviews and attempts to gather documentary evidence, have failed to establish the individuals age. If an age assessment is thought to be necessary, informed consent must be gained and the procedure should be multi-disciplinary and undertaken by independent professionals with appropriate expertise and familiarity with the childs ethnic and cultural background. They must balance physical, developmental, psychological, environmental and cultural factors. It is important to note that age assessment is not an exact science and a considerable margin of uncertainty will always remain inherent in any procedure. When making an age assessment, individuals whose age is being assessed should be given the benefit of the doubt. Examinations must never be forced or culturally inappropriate. The least invasive option must always be followed and the individuals dignity must be respected at all times. Particular care must be taken to ensure assessments are gender appropriate and that an independent guardian has oversight of the procedure and should be present if requested to attend by the individual concerned. The procedure, outcome and the consequences of the assessment must be explained to the individual in a language that they understand. The outcome must also be presented in writing. There should be a procedure to appeal against the decision and the provision of the necessary support to do so. In cases of doubt the person claiming to be less than 18 years of age should provisionally be treated as such. An individual should be allowed to refuse to undergo an assessment of age where the specific procedure would be an affront to their dignity or where the procedure would be harmful to their physical or mental health. A refusal to agree to the procedure must not prejudice the assessment of age or the outcome of the application for protection A closing note re Terms of Reference for the Inquiry We note the Inquiry also has scope for how assessments of age are made by or on behalf of the Commonwealth for immigration purposes. We would like the Inquiry to find out and make public precisely how DIAC conducts age assessments to differentiate between adolescent and adult asylum seekers. We are concerned that it is entirely likely that bone density scanning is widely used for this purpose. Resources Crawley, H. (2007) When is a child not a child? Asylum, age disputes, and the process of age assessment, Immigration Law Practitioners Association (ILPA), London.  HYPERLINK "http://www.ilpa.org.uk/data/resources/13266/ILPA-Age-Dispute-Report.pdf" http://www.ilpa.org.uk/data/resources/13266/ILPA-Age-Dispute-Report.pdf Age Assessment Practices: A Literature Review & Annotated Bibliography (UNICEF, 2011)  HYPERLINK "http://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdf" http://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdf Jack H Smit. (2011). The Political Origins and Development of Australia's People Smuggling Legislation: Evil Smugglers or Extreme Rhetoric? Masters by Research (Social Science) Thesis http://www.safecom.org.au/pdfs/mas-thesis-final.pdf        ; < = > J K L f g h i j k l m n ƸƸ{j{{]ƸhBmHnHsH tH u j}hBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphuhBmHnHuh1hB0J$mHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHujhdiUjhU hhhh&3h1hdi$ l  B  c  Q _  !  ! gddigddi$a$gd1        0 1 񹪹Či񹪹XČ jqhBUmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphuhBmHnHuhBmHnHsH tH u jwhBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphuh1hB0J$mHnHu!1 2 3 _ ` a { | } ~    źӍńjźYӍń jehBUmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphuhBmHnHuhBmHnHsH tH u jkhBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHuh1hB0J$mHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphu    ! " < = > ? @ A B C D ` a b c o p q źӍńjźYӍń jYhBUmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphuhBmHnHuhBmHnHsH tH u j_hBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHuh1hB0J$mHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphu        # $ % & A B C ] ^ _ ` a b c d e źӍńjźYӍń jMhBUmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphuhBmHnHuhBmHnHsH tH u jShBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHuh1hB0J$mHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphu       " # źӍńjźYӍń jA hBUmHnHu2j hBhB>*B*UmHnHphuhBmHnHuhBmHnHsH tH u jG hBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHuh1hB0J$mHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHu2jhBhB>*B*UmHnHphu # $ % . / 0 J K L N O P Q R 26 =CW]9:EK źӍ}yuy}qqqqyqqqyqqhhP,h1hnhdijhdiUhBmHnHsH tH u j; hBUmHnHujhBUmHnHuhBmHnHuh1hB0J$mHnHu$jh1hB0J$UmHnHu2j hBhB>*B*UmHnHphu,^_klmqrop`a'(%%&*+89() !!!!!"j#k###$$)*U [ $$ %f&g&s&y&w'x'x*+B+#,Z,q,s,w,x,,,,,,Z-[-]-^-// 11559G99Ϸϯޫ hU5hU5 hU5hdih3h/hQ?0J$j hQ?UhQ?jhQ?UhQ?mH nH sH tH hZmH nH sH tH hQ?hQ?mH nH sH tH hQ?hQ? hQ?hdih&3h rhh1hdi4$]%6&7&''((h)i)j*w*x*r,^-_-....N/O/////00^gdQ?gdZ0000011O3P355x6z6i8j8999s:t:::;;<>> 7$8$H$gdU5gdU5^999r:s::";*;X?\?e?n????????@E@_AeAB=BNB|BBBBBCgCwC>DODDDEF^GcG H HrI|I}I~I*J.J_JlJJJJJJ KʾʺʺʮʺʮʓʮʾʾʾʾʾhBh.GmH nH sH tH hdi6]mH nH sH tH hdimH nH sH tH h3h1h1hdi>*hdihnhU5hdimH nH sH tH hU5hU5mH nH sH tH hchU5hU5B*ph8>>>??"A#A$A@AAABxCyCODPDbDEEEEEFF^GG^7$8$H$& 7$8$H$^7$8$H$G H HrI}I~I)J*JJJQLRLMOOPQRRYSZSSSUUUgdP,gd.Ggd17$8$H$^ K"K'K,K,M-M@MTM^MMMMMbNrNtNNJOOOOOOOPPDPEPSPPPP8Q9Q;QRRYRkRRRRRRRSS^TeTUeVfVwVyVVVVVW WcWdWjhZUhXlhZhBhdi5hc@OJPJQJ^Jhc@CJaJ!hP,CJOJPJQJ^JaJo(hP,6CJ]aJhP,CJaJhP,hc@h.GhdihB=UUeVfVxVyVYYZZZ [u[y\/]]^7_`a bb}ccc1dgdx(Z^gdn & FgdP,gdZdWpWWWWWWWXjXnXXXXY;YYYYPZbZZZZ[ [l\n\~]]__1`P`aabb|c}cc0d1dtddeeeee¾º¶¶¶²®ººª‹hx(Zh\CJaJh)bCJaJhx(ZCJaJhQ?hx(ZhP,hnhz h.Gh>1hdihB hchchchXlh/hZ0J$jhZUj hZU hZhZhZ11deeefhhhkhiiiiii+,-'$a$gddiddd-DM [$\$]gddigd\gd\)gdx(Zenfffffggghhhhjhkhlhhhh i iiiiiɪɟ}k}^}ODh\hdiCJaJhx(ZhdiB*CJaJphhx(Zhdi0J$CJaJ#jhx(ZhdiCJUaJjhx(ZhdiCJUaJ%hx(ZhdiB*CJaJmH ph333sH hx(ZhdiCJaJhx(Zh\0J$CJaJ#jJhx(Zh\CJUaJjhx(Zh\CJUaJhx(Zh\CJPJQJaJhx(Zh\CJaJhx(Zh\6CJ]aJiiij &')*+,-.h\hdiCJaJh>1hkcgmHnHsH ujh>1UmH sH jhdih>1UmH sH hdih>1mH sH UhvjhvU   Page  PAGE 1 of  NUMPAGES 10 -.gd\,1h/ =!"#$% }DyK _Toc315826284}DyK _Toc315826284}DyK _Toc315826285}DyK _Toc315826285}DyK _Toc315826286}DyK _Toc315826286}DyK _Toc315826287}DyK _Toc315826287}DyK _Toc315826288}DyK _Toc315826288}DyK _Toc315826289}DyK _Toc315826289}DyK _Toc315826290}DyK _Toc315826290}DyK _Toc315826291}DyK _Toc315826291}DyK _Toc315826292}DyK _Toc315826292}DyK _Toc315826293}DyK _Toc315826293}DyK _Toc315826294}DyK _Toc315826294}DyK _Toc315826295}DyK _Toc3158262955DyK jhttps://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=6ddd92c2-813a-4665-ba9c-b9f094cf74feyK https://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=6ddd92c2-813a-4665-ba9c-b9f094cf74feyX;H,]ą'c]DyK 4http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200810/200810benson.pdfyK http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200810/200810benson.pdfyX;H,]ą'cDyK Hhttp://www.ilpa.org.uk/data/resources/13266/ILPA-Age-Dispute-Report.pdfyK http://www.ilpa.org.uk/data/resources/13266/ILPA-Age-Dispute-Report.pdfyX;H,]ą'cDyK Ihttp://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfyK http://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfyX;H,]ą'c^1 2 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmH nH sH tH @`@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH \@\  Heading 2$<@& 56CJOJQJ\]^JaJV@V  Heading 3$<@&5CJOJQJ\^JaJDA D Default Paragraph FontViV  Table Normal :V 44 la (k (No List DC@D Body Text Indent ^4B@4 Body Text5\: : Index 1^`: : Index 2^`: : Index 3^`: : Index 4^`:: Index 5^`:: Index 6^`:: Index 7^`:: Index 8^`:: Index 9p^p`6!@6  Index Heading&& TOC 1.@. TOC 2 ^.@. TOC 3 ^.. TOC 4 ^.. TOC 5 ^.. TOC 6 ^.. TOC 7 !^.. TOC 8 "^.. TOC 9 #^6U`A6 Hyperlink >*B*phZoQZ Heading 3 Char&5CJOJQJ\^JaJmH sH tH ^R@b^ Body Text Indent 2 &^B*mH phsH tH 4@r4 diHeader ' 9r 4 4 diFooter ( 9r bob x(ZDefault )7$8$H$-B*CJOJQJ^J_HaJmH phsH tH H@H + Balloon Text*CJOJQJ^JaJZoZ *Balloon Text Char CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH tH B'`B 4InComment ReferenceCJaJ<@< .4In Comment Text-CJaJFoF -4InComment Text Char mH sH tH @j@@ 04InComment Subject/5\RoR /4InComment Subject Char5\mH sH tH PK![Content_Types].xmlN0EH-J@%ǎǢ|ș$زULTB l,3;rØJB+$G]7O٭V$ !)O^rC$y@/yH*񄴽)޵߻UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSebORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`jzAV2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXdsjcs7f W+Ն7`g ȘJj|h(KD- dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! I_TS 1?E??ZBΪmU/?~xY'y5g&΋/ɋ>GMGeD3Vq%'#q$8K)fw9:ĵ x}rxwr:\TZaG*y8IjbRc|XŻǿI u3KGnD1NIBs RuK>V.EL+M2#'fi ~V vl{u8zH *:(W☕ ~JTe\O*tHGHY}KNP*ݾ˦TѼ9/#A7qZ$*c?qUnwN%Oi4 =3N)cbJ uV4(Tn 7_?m-ٛ{UBwznʜ"Z xJZp; {/<P;,)''KQk5qpN8KGbe Sd̛\17 pa>SR! 3K4'+rzQ TTIIvt]Kc⫲K#v5+|D~O@%\w_nN[L9KqgVhn R!y+Un;*&/HrT >>\ t=.Tġ S; Z~!P9giCڧ!# B,;X=ۻ,I2UWV9$lk=Aj;{AP79|s*Y;̠[MCۿhf]o{oY=1kyVV5E8Vk+֜\80X4D)!!?*|fv u"xA@T_q64)kڬuV7 t '%;i9s9x,ڎ-45xd8?ǘd/Y|t &LILJ`& -Gt/PK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 0_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!0C)theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] .` 000003 1  # 9 KdWei.5789:;<?BEGIJ%$0>GU1d-.6=>@ACDFHM=Kgijl 2`|~!=?@Bbp%B^`ac$/KNOQw$$Z%cNNNr]]^k^^ _.`X X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%̕XXXX*-3!8@0(  B S  ? _Toc315823144 _Toc315826282 _Toc315826283 _Toc315826284 _Toc315826285 _Toc315826286 _Toc315826287 _Toc315826288 _Toc315826289 _Toc315826290 _Toc315826291 _Toc315826292 _Toc315826293 _Toc315826294 _Toc315826295R j"2$9rAfM\/` ^ &v"3?9|AwM\/`? ?!?"?#?$?%?&?'?(?)?*?+?,?-?.?/?0?1?2?3?4?5?6?7?8?9?:?;?^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(h^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH-8>o7q         -xVDs,nn T T T TW3-x0TH TH THTHVDs"!z P,1e2&3T45 5U5.Gx(Z[ \)bkcg iXl4In[ vn rZ3Q?cv>1\diBc@& n__@YJYJYJYJLFG]^`.`@N@f@0@UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3. *Cx ArialG=  jMS Mincho-3 fg5..[`)Tahoma?= *Cx Courier New;WingdingsA$BCambria Math"1hVTyagSQ 1SQ 124__ 3qHX ?.G2!xx 0Refugee Action Network Newcastle (Submission 20)niko Freyana Irani  Oh+'0 (4 T ` l x4Refugee Action Network Newcastle (Submission 20)niko Normal.dotmFreyana Irani3Microsoft Office Word@Ik@I;%@K@ SQ՜.+,D՜.+,` hp  home1_ 1Refugee Action Network Newcastle (Submission 20) Title      }   ) U a y      _PID_HLINKSSubmitter Last NameSubmission TypeSupplementaryPrivacyContact CommentsSubmission number Date Received Keyword From email address Submitter Salutation Submitter First NameSubmitter PositionOrganisation Name IndividualsStatus Comments TemplateUrl xd_ProgID _CopySourceOrderA8f.WWIhttp://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfn8THhttp://www.ilpa.org.uk/data/resources/13266/ILPA-Age-Dispute-Report.pdflgQ4http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200810/200810benson.pdfLUNjhttps://senate.aph.gov.au/submissions/comittees/viewdocument.aspx?id=6ddd92c2-813a-4665-ba9c-b9f094cf74fe6G_Toc3158262956A_Toc3158262946;_Toc31582629365_Toc3158262926/_Toc3158262916)_Toc3158262906#_Toc3158262896_Toc3158262886_Toc3158262876_Toc3158262866 _Toc3158262856_Toc315826284pbmailto:Leka4NoPublicdContacted re: privacy on 3/02/2012 - no reply. 55 Fitzroy St, Mayfield NSW 2304 Ph: 0406 296 14120.00000000000002012-02-03T00:00:00Z$7;#AFP;#14;#Prison;#4;#Wrist x-raylekaniko@gmail.comMsNiko$Refugee Action Network NewcastleCleared for WebXhttp://ageassessment/inquiryprocesses/Edited Submissions/agedeterminationinquiryv2.doc3300.00000000000  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxz{|}~Root Entry FSp Data O1TableYq?WordDocument.SummaryInformation(yDocumentSummaryInformation8MsoDataStore f@ioLRX4UOX1LA==2f oItem  t:PropertiesXM40BEAUUKPXBWQ==2 f0BoItem  PropertiesOZSYHIIIVKIE==2f@ioItem PropertiesS This value indicates the number of saves or revisions. The application is responsible for updating this value after each revision.   !"#$& DocumentLibraryFormDocumentLibraryFormDocumentLibraryForm   F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89qCompObj%r